| Conversion | Value |
|---|
How the math works
1 byte = 8 bits. ISPs advertise in megabits per second (Mbps); files are in megabytes (MB). MB/s = Mbps ÷ 8. Time = file size ÷ throughput. We use decimal (1 GB = 1 000 MB) since storage and ISP marketing follow SI prefixes.
Real-world overhead (~10%) accounts for TCP / IP headers, retransmits and bursty servers. Theoretical time × 1.111 ≈ practical time.